The differences between clasical conditioning and operant conditioning are: Classical conditioning is passive on the part of the learner. Operant conditioning relies on the learner to actively participate in the learning process. In operant conditioning reinforcers act as incentives for learning. Classical conditioning, on the other hand, does not provide incentives.

Negative Effects on Punishment

1. PUNISHMENT CAN INCREASE THE OCCURRENCE OF THE UNDESIRED RESPONSE.

2. PUNISHMENT AROUSES STRONG EMOTIONAL RESPONSES THAT MAY GENERALIZE.

3. USING PUNISHMENT MODELS AGGRESSION.

4. PUNISHMENT CAN BECOME ABUSE.

http://www.oklahoma.net/~jnichols/PunishmentProblems.html

Operant Conditioning

Positive Reinforcement: This is possibly the easiest, most effective consequence for a trainer to control and easy to understand. Positive reinforcement means starting or adding Something Good, something the animal likes or enjoys.

Negative Reinforcement: Negative reinforcement increases a behavior by ending or taking away Something Bad or aversive. By making the animal's circumstances better, you are rewarding it and increasing the likelihood that it will repeat the behavior that was occurring when you ended the Bad Thing.

Positive Punishment: Postive punishment is often confused because people think it it good because positive means good but it also means to add. this is when you make something to add to the person you are punishing.

Negative Punishment: Negative is when you take away something from the person you are ounishing. it is the most commonly used by all of the parents with kids.

B.F. Skinner

Burrhus Frederic Skinner was born on March 20, 1904 in Pennsylvania and died August 18 1990. He was an American phsycologist, author, inventor, advocate for social reform, and a poet. He was the Edgar Pierce Professor of Psychology at Harvard University from 1958 until his retirement in 1974. He was a prolific author who published 21 books and 180 articles.

He came up with the operant conditioning chamber, innovated his own philosophy of science called Radical Behaviorism, and founded his own school of experimental research psychology the experimental analysis of behavior. His major acomplishment was in his verbal behavior which has recently seen enormous increase in interest experimentally and in applied settings.

Bipolar disorder or manic–depressive disorder (also referred to as bipolar affective disorder or manic depression) is a psychiatric diagnosis that describes a category of mood disorders defined by the presence of one or more episodes of abnormally elevated mood. These moods are clinically referred to as mania or, if milder, hypomania. Individuals who experience manic episodes also commonly experience depressive episodes or symptoms, or mixed episodes in which features of both mania and depression are present at the same time. These episodes are usually separated by periods of "normal" mood, but in some individuals, depression and mania may rapidly alternate, known as rapid cycling. Extreme manic episodes can sometimes lead to psychotic symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations. The disorder has been subdivided into bipolar I, bipolar II, cyclothymia, and other types, based on the nature and severity of mood episodes experienced; the range is often described as the bipolar spectrum.

John Watson

John Watson was born in South Carolina in 1878 and grew up on a farm. His father left the family when John was about 13. Watson claimed to have been unruly and a poor student as a youngster, and by all accounts he seemed destined to follow his father's model of violence and recklessness. But he had ambition, a certain courage, and considerable skill at self-promotion: He entered Furman University at age 16.

Ivan Pavlov

Born in September 14, 1849 – February 27, 1936) was a Russian, and later Soviet, physiologist, psychologist, and physician. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1904 for research pertaining to the digestive system. Pavlov is widely known for first describing the phenomenon of classical conditioning.